Sunday, August 15, 2010
Friday, January 1, 2010
Gas Laws
1. Boyle's Law shows?
a) the inverse relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas
b) the direct relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas
c) outcome of the people vs. Boyle trial
d) the indirect relationship between the volume and temperature of gas
2. Charles' Law temperature is measured...
a) in Jewels
b) in Kelvin
c) in Pascals
d) in Newtons
3. Dalton's Law pertains to...
a) how fast gas molecules can move in partial pressure
b) partial pressure of each gas in a mixture
c) the measurement of absolute zero
d) how many molecules of gas are in a chemical reaction
4. Gay-Lussac's Law uses the following mathematical formula...
a) PV/T = C
b) PV = C
c) V = CT
d) P = CT
5. The Combined Gas Law is...
a) combining gases in equal propotions
b) the proportion of gases in air
c) the combination of Boyle's, Charles' and Gay-Lussac's laws in a mathematical relationship
d) the mathematical relationship of Dalton's and Charles' Law
a) the inverse relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas
b) the direct relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas
c) outcome of the people vs. Boyle trial
d) the indirect relationship between the volume and temperature of gas
2. Charles' Law temperature is measured...
a) in Jewels
b) in Kelvin
c) in Pascals
d) in Newtons
3. Dalton's Law pertains to...
a) how fast gas molecules can move in partial pressure
b) partial pressure of each gas in a mixture
c) the measurement of absolute zero
d) how many molecules of gas are in a chemical reaction
4. Gay-Lussac's Law uses the following mathematical formula...
a) PV/T = C
b) PV = C
c) V = CT
d) P = CT
5. The Combined Gas Law is...
a) combining gases in equal propotions
b) the proportion of gases in air
c) the combination of Boyle's, Charles' and Gay-Lussac's laws in a mathematical relationship
d) the mathematical relationship of Dalton's and Charles' Law
Chemical Bonding
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on
the line provided.
1. Typically, atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve
a. an exchange of energy.
b. ionization.
c. a stable electron configuration.
d. vaporization.
2. In an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an element is
used to represent
a. the nucleus.
b. the nucleus and all electrons.
c. the nucleus and valence electrons.
d. the nucleus and all nonvalence electrons.
3. Study the electron dot diagrams
for lithium, carbon, fluorine,
and neon in Figure 6-1. Choose
the statement that correctly
identifies the most stable of
the elements.
a. Lithium is the most stable element because it has to lose
only one electron to achieve a stable configuration.
b. Carbon is the most stable element because it can form
four bonds.
c. Fluorine is the most stable element because it has to gain
only one electron to achieve a stable configuration.
d. Neon is the most stable element because its highest
occupied energy level is filled.
4. In the compound MgCl2, the subscript 2 indicates that
a. there are two magnesium ions for each ion of chlorine.
b. the chloride ion is twice the size of the magnesium ion.
c. magnesium and chlorine form a double covalent bond.
d. there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion.
5. Which of the following is a typical property of
an ionic compound?
a. low melting point
b. poor conductor of electric current when melted
c. tendency to shatter when struck
d. all of the above
6. Which of the following compounds does NOT contain
molecules?
a. H2 b. NaCl
c. CO2 d. H2O
7. You see a structural formula in which the symbols for
elements are connected by a long dash. You can assume that
the chemical bonds in the compound are
a. ionic. b. covalent.
c. metallic. d. unstable.
8. The water molecule H2O is polar because it contains two
polar single bonds and
a. its molecule has a linear shape.
b. molecules that contain polar bonds are always polar.
c. its molecule has a bent shape.
d. the attractions between water molecules are strong.
9. Water has a higher boiling point than expected because
a. there is so much water vapor in the atmosphere.
b. water molecules are not very massive.
c. hydrogen and oxygen form single covalent bonds.
d. of the strong attractions between polar water molecules.
10. The elements most likely to form more than one type of ion
are the
a. transition metals. b. alkali metals.
c. halogens. d. alkaline earth metals.
11. Which of the following statements about ions is true?
a. All metals form more than one type of ion.
b. Many transition metals can form more than
one type of ion.
c. Halogens form more than one type of ion.
d. Alkali metals form more than one type of ion.
12. In the name carbon dioxide, the prefix of the second word
indicates that a molecule of carbon dioxide contains
a. two carbon atoms. b. two oxygen atoms.
c. a polyatomic ion. d. an ionic bond.
13. Which phrase best describes a metallic bond?
a. a bond that is formed by a metal
b. the attraction between a metal anion and a shared pool
of electrons
c. a bond that forms between a metal and a nonmetal
d. the attraction between a metal cation and a shared pool
of electrons
14. Which statement about metals is true?
a. A metal lattice is extremely rigid.
b. The bonds within a metal lattice are weak.
c. Electrons in a metal lattice are free to move.
d. Generally, metals have a low melting point.
15. An alloy that contains mainly copper and tin is
a. sterling silver. b. stainless steel.
c. brass. d. bronze.
Completion
Complete each statement on the line provided.
1. In an electron dot diagram, each dot represents a(an)
.
2. In an ionic compound, the attractions between cations and
hold the compound together.
3. The chemical formula for calcium chloride, CaCl2, shows that the
compound contains two ions for every
ion.
4. The ions in solid sodium chloride are arranged in a structure
called a(an) lattice.
5. A polar covalent bond forms when are not
shared equally between atoms.
6. A(An) ion is a covalently bonded group of
atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
7. In ionic compounds, the sum of the charges of all the cations and
anions must be .
8. The metallic bonds in a transition metal, such as tungsten, are
stronger than the metallic bonds in a(an)
metal, such as sodium.
9. In a metal lattice, are surrounded by a pool
of shared electrons.
10. In its simplest form, the alloy brass consists of zinc and
.
Short Answer
Use complete sentences to write the answers to the questions on
the lines provided.
1. In a periodic table that included electron dot diagrams, in which
column would the diagrams contain more dots—Group 2A (the
alkaline metals) or Group 7A (the halogens)?
2. In an electron dot diagram of rubidium, there is one dot. In an
electron dot diagram of silicon, there are four dots. Which element
would you expect to be more reactive?
3. Potassium, an alkali metal, and bromine, a halogen, are both in
Period 4 of the periodic table. Which element has a higher
ionization energy? Explain your answer.
4. Which material is most likely to shatter if you strike it with a
hammer—sodium chloride or bronze?
5. Mixing magnesium and aluminum together produces an excellent
lightweight material from which to make airplane parts. What is
this type of mixture called?
Using Science Skills
Use the table to answer each question. Write the answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
Figure 6-2
1. Using Tables and GraphsWrite a description to place in box (2)
in Figure 6-2.
2. Using Tables and Graphs What compound name belongs in
box (1) in Figure 6-2?
3. Classifying What type of bond belongs in box (3) in Figure 6-2?
4. Classifying What type of bond belongs in box (4) in Figure 6-2?
5. Comparing and Contrasting How are metallic bonds and ionic
bonds similar? How are they different? Use Figure 6-2 to answer
these questions.
Chemical Type of
Formula Name Bond Description of Bond
NaCl (1) ionic (2)
CO2 carbon dioxide (3) Atoms share pairs of valence electrons.
W tungsten (4) Metal cations are attracted to the shared
electrons that surround them.
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on
the line provided.
1. Typically, atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve
a. an exchange of energy.
b. ionization.
c. a stable electron configuration.
d. vaporization.
2. In an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an element is
used to represent
a. the nucleus.
b. the nucleus and all electrons.
c. the nucleus and valence electrons.
d. the nucleus and all nonvalence electrons.
3. Study the electron dot diagrams
for lithium, carbon, fluorine,
and neon in Figure 6-1. Choose
the statement that correctly
identifies the most stable of
the elements.
a. Lithium is the most stable element because it has to lose
only one electron to achieve a stable configuration.
b. Carbon is the most stable element because it can form
four bonds.
c. Fluorine is the most stable element because it has to gain
only one electron to achieve a stable configuration.
d. Neon is the most stable element because its highest
occupied energy level is filled.
4. In the compound MgCl2, the subscript 2 indicates that
a. there are two magnesium ions for each ion of chlorine.
b. the chloride ion is twice the size of the magnesium ion.
c. magnesium and chlorine form a double covalent bond.
d. there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion.
5. Which of the following is a typical property of
an ionic compound?
a. low melting point
b. poor conductor of electric current when melted
c. tendency to shatter when struck
d. all of the above
6. Which of the following compounds does NOT contain
molecules?
a. H2 b. NaCl
c. CO2 d. H2O
7. You see a structural formula in which the symbols for
elements are connected by a long dash. You can assume that
the chemical bonds in the compound are
a. ionic. b. covalent.
c. metallic. d. unstable.
8. The water molecule H2O is polar because it contains two
polar single bonds and
a. its molecule has a linear shape.
b. molecules that contain polar bonds are always polar.
c. its molecule has a bent shape.
d. the attractions between water molecules are strong.
9. Water has a higher boiling point than expected because
a. there is so much water vapor in the atmosphere.
b. water molecules are not very massive.
c. hydrogen and oxygen form single covalent bonds.
d. of the strong attractions between polar water molecules.
10. The elements most likely to form more than one type of ion
are the
a. transition metals. b. alkali metals.
c. halogens. d. alkaline earth metals.
11. Which of the following statements about ions is true?
a. All metals form more than one type of ion.
b. Many transition metals can form more than
one type of ion.
c. Halogens form more than one type of ion.
d. Alkali metals form more than one type of ion.
12. In the name carbon dioxide, the prefix of the second word
indicates that a molecule of carbon dioxide contains
a. two carbon atoms. b. two oxygen atoms.
c. a polyatomic ion. d. an ionic bond.
13. Which phrase best describes a metallic bond?
a. a bond that is formed by a metal
b. the attraction between a metal anion and a shared pool
of electrons
c. a bond that forms between a metal and a nonmetal
d. the attraction between a metal cation and a shared pool
of electrons
14. Which statement about metals is true?
a. A metal lattice is extremely rigid.
b. The bonds within a metal lattice are weak.
c. Electrons in a metal lattice are free to move.
d. Generally, metals have a low melting point.
15. An alloy that contains mainly copper and tin is
a. sterling silver. b. stainless steel.
c. brass. d. bronze.
Completion
Complete each statement on the line provided.
1. In an electron dot diagram, each dot represents a(an)
.
2. In an ionic compound, the attractions between cations and
hold the compound together.
3. The chemical formula for calcium chloride, CaCl2, shows that the
compound contains two ions for every
ion.
4. The ions in solid sodium chloride are arranged in a structure
called a(an) lattice.
5. A polar covalent bond forms when are not
shared equally between atoms.
6. A(An) ion is a covalently bonded group of
atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
7. In ionic compounds, the sum of the charges of all the cations and
anions must be .
8. The metallic bonds in a transition metal, such as tungsten, are
stronger than the metallic bonds in a(an)
metal, such as sodium.
9. In a metal lattice, are surrounded by a pool
of shared electrons.
10. In its simplest form, the alloy brass consists of zinc and
.
Short Answer
Use complete sentences to write the answers to the questions on
the lines provided.
1. In a periodic table that included electron dot diagrams, in which
column would the diagrams contain more dots—Group 2A (the
alkaline metals) or Group 7A (the halogens)?
2. In an electron dot diagram of rubidium, there is one dot. In an
electron dot diagram of silicon, there are four dots. Which element
would you expect to be more reactive?
3. Potassium, an alkali metal, and bromine, a halogen, are both in
Period 4 of the periodic table. Which element has a higher
ionization energy? Explain your answer.
4. Which material is most likely to shatter if you strike it with a
hammer—sodium chloride or bronze?
5. Mixing magnesium and aluminum together produces an excellent
lightweight material from which to make airplane parts. What is
this type of mixture called?
Using Science Skills
Use the table to answer each question. Write the answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
Figure 6-2
1. Using Tables and GraphsWrite a description to place in box (2)
in Figure 6-2.
2. Using Tables and Graphs What compound name belongs in
box (1) in Figure 6-2?
3. Classifying What type of bond belongs in box (3) in Figure 6-2?
4. Classifying What type of bond belongs in box (4) in Figure 6-2?
5. Comparing and Contrasting How are metallic bonds and ionic
bonds similar? How are they different? Use Figure 6-2 to answer
these questions.
Chemical Type of
Formula Name Bond Description of Bond
NaCl (1) ionic (2)
CO2 carbon dioxide (3) Atoms share pairs of valence electrons.
W tungsten (4) Metal cations are attracted to the shared
electrons that surround them.
Science Skills
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 1 Science Skills Chapter Test A
Physical Science ■ Chapter 1 Test A 1
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on
the line provided.
1. How are science and technology related?
a. Technology is a branch of natural science.
b. Science is a branch of technology.
c. Advances in science may lead to advances in technology
and vice versa.
d. Science and technology are not related.
2. How does Earth science overlap with life science?
a. Earth science involves the study of Earth’s rocks.
b. Earth science involves the study of systems that may
include living organisms.
c. Earth science involves the study of the composition of
matter.
d. Earth science does not overlap with life science.
3. What are the building blocks of all matter?
a. forces b. atoms
c. magnetic fields d. kinetic and potential energy
4. What happens when the data in an investigation do not
support the original hypothesis?
a. The scientist gives up and starts an investigation on a
new topic.
b. The data must be incorrect and are thrown out.
c. The hypothesis will be revised.
d. The data are altered so that they support the original
hypothesis.
5. Which of the following statements is true about scientific
theories?
a. Scientific theories become scientific laws.
b. Scientific theories are never proven.
c. Scientific theories become hypotheses.
d. Scientific theories summarize patterns found in nature.
6. Why are scientific models important?
a. They prove scientific theories.
b. They help visualize things that are very complex, very
large, or very small.
c. They make it harder to understand things.
d. They never change.
Chapter 1 Science Skills Chapter Test A
Physical Science ■ Chapter 1 Test A 1
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on
the line provided.
1. How are science and technology related?
a. Technology is a branch of natural science.
b. Science is a branch of technology.
c. Advances in science may lead to advances in technology
and vice versa.
d. Science and technology are not related.
2. How does Earth science overlap with life science?
a. Earth science involves the study of Earth’s rocks.
b. Earth science involves the study of systems that may
include living organisms.
c. Earth science involves the study of the composition of
matter.
d. Earth science does not overlap with life science.
3. What are the building blocks of all matter?
a. forces b. atoms
c. magnetic fields d. kinetic and potential energy
4. What happens when the data in an investigation do not
support the original hypothesis?
a. The scientist gives up and starts an investigation on a
new topic.
b. The data must be incorrect and are thrown out.
c. The hypothesis will be revised.
d. The data are altered so that they support the original
hypothesis.
5. Which of the following statements is true about scientific
theories?
a. Scientific theories become scientific laws.
b. Scientific theories are never proven.
c. Scientific theories become hypotheses.
d. Scientific theories summarize patterns found in nature.
6. Why are scientific models important?
a. They prove scientific theories.
b. They help visualize things that are very complex, very
large, or very small.
c. They make it harder to understand things.
d. They never change.
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